> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 437](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33333576) of TL-2 Vol. V > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/9368-1) LSID 9368-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1822110) QID Q1822110 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] ### Author Schweinitz, Lewis David von (1780-1835), American botanist; educated in the Moravian community at Nazareth, Pennsylvania, 1787-1798; with his family to Germany 1798; at the theological college of Niesky (Upper Lusatia) 1798-1801; teacher at the Niesky College 1801-1807; Moravian preacher at Gnadenburg (Silesia), 1807-1808, id. at Gnadau (Saxony) 1808-1812; Dr. phil. Kiel 1817; administrator of the church estates of the Moravian brethern in North Carolina; resident in Salem, North Carolina 1812-1821; "proprietor of the church estates in the North" at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 1821-1835; "patron saint" of North American mycology. **Abbreviated name**: *Schwein.* \[standard form in IPNI: *Schwein.*\] #### Herbarium and types [[Collection PH|PH]] (23.000, including his fungi); some fungi also at [[Collection BM|BM]], [[Collection BPI|BPI]], [[Collection FH|FH]], [[Collection CGE|CGE]], [[Collection K|K]], [[Collection NY|NY]], [[Collection NYS|NYS]], [[Collection PH|PH]], [[Collection UPS|UPS]]; further material at [[Collection BR|BR]], [[Collection CGE|CGE]], [[Collection CUP|CUP]], [[Collection DWC|DWC]], [[Collection E|E]], [[Collection FH|FH]], [[Collection H|H]], [[Collection LZ|LZ]], [[Collection M|M]], [[Collection NY|NY]], [[Collection OXF|OXF]], [[Collection PC|PC]]-Durand, [[Collection PUR|PUR]], [[Collection UPS|UPS]], [[Collection W|W]]. – For Schweinitz's record books see Pennell (1931). Various authors mention Schweinitz's "lamentable scheme... in discarding the collector's original labels in favor of his own copied tickets" (Ewan 1962). Most of Schweinitz's books are at [[Collection PH|PH]]; for unpublished manuscripts and correspondence (mostly also at [[Collection PH|PH]]) see below. The manuscript material may often help to determine when and how a specimen was added to the herbarium, a circumstance especially important because of the above-mentioned discarding of original labels. A mss. *Index phaenogamicae herbarii* (cat. of his herb.) in von Schweinitz's handwriting is at [[Collection GH|GH]]. – *Letters* at [[Collection G|G]]. #### Bibliography and biography ADB 16: 483-484 (by A.G. Rau); Ainsworth 314, 347 \[index\]; Barnhart 3: 250 (b. 13 Feb 1780, d. 8 Feb 1834); BM 4: 1877-1878; Bossert p. 357; Clokie p. 241; CSP 5: 593; DAB 16: 483-484; Frank 3 (Anh.): 95; GR 196, cat. p. 71; Hawksworth 185, 197; Herder p. 279; Hortus 3: 1203; IH (ed. 1): 76, (ed. 2): 96, (ed. 3): 122, (ed. 6): 364, (ed. 7): 342, 2: (files); Kelly p. 209-210; KR p. 631; Lenley p. 337, 340, 348, 362, 363, 468 (Torrey corr.); LS 796, 24485-24490; ME 3: 651 (index); NI 1820n, na; PH see p. xxiv; PR 8535-8537, 88, ed. 1: 127, 9484-9486; Rehder 1: 310; SBC p. 132; Stevenson p. 1257; TL-1 /968a, 1212-1212b; TL-2/75, 3560, 4644 and see indexes; Tucker 1: 14, 641, 3: 275; Zander ed. 10, p. 715, ed. 11, p. 816. #### Biofile - Ainsworth, G.C., Dict. fungi ed. 6. 522. 1971. - Allibone, S.A., Crit. dict. Engl. lit. 2: 1954. 1878. - Anon., Natl. cycl. Amer. biogr. 8: 380. 1898. - Arthur, J.C. & G.R. Bisby, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 57: 172-292. 1918 (annotated transl. of S.'s papers on rusts). - Barnhart, J.H., Mem. Torrey bot. Club 16: 290-300. 1921 (biogr. notices persons mentioned in Schweinitz-Torrey corr.); Bartonia 16: 19-36. 1934 (botanical correspondents Schweinitz). - Benedict, D.M., Bartonia 16: 12-19. 1934 (on Schw. as a mycologist; list of books in his library). - Berkeley, M.J. & M.A. Curtis, J. Acad. nat. Sci., Philadelphia 2: 277-294, *pl. 25.* Apr 1853 (exotic fungi from the Schweinitz herbarium, principally from Surinam). - Bynum, F.A.L., The three forks of Muddy Creek, Winston-Salem, N. Carol. 2: 41-50, 54-55. 1975 ("father of American mycology"). - Candolle, Alph. de, Phytographie 449. 1880 (coll.). - Darlington, W., Reliq. Baldw. 119, 168, 171, 200, 322. 1843. - Drake, F.S., Dict. Amer. biogr., suppl. 806. 1872. - Elkinton, H., Amer.-Germ. Rev. 11(3): 28-29. 1945 (popular account, portr.). - Elliott, C.A., Biogr. dict. Amer. Sci. 231-232. 1979. - Ewan, J., Rhodora 64: 188-189. 1962 (rev. of Humphrey (1961); note on discarding of original labels in Schw. herbarium); Trans. Stud. Coll. Physic. Philadelphia ser. 5. 5(4): 317-318. 1983. - Ewan, J. et al., Short hist. bot. U.S. 7, 83, 90. 1969. - Gerber, A., translator, The journey of Lewis David von Schweinitz to Goshen, Bartholomew County in 1831. Indiana Historical Society Publications 8(5): 205-285. 1927 (transl. of a manuscript journal in the Archiv der Brüder-Universität, Herrnhut, Saxony). - Gordon, R.B., Bartonia 22: 8. 1943 (154 specimens at DWC). - Gore, J., Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. J. 3: 9-25. 1885. - Graustein, J.E., Thomas Nuttall 477 \[index\]. 1967. - Gray, J.L., Letters Asa Gray 17, 44. 1893. - Hamilton, J.T., Trans. Moravian hist. Soc. 6: 357-365. 1900 (hist. Moravian church 1818-1836). - Harshberger, J.W., The botanists of Philadelphia and their work 127-132. 1899. - Hertel, H., Mitt. Bot. München 16: 433. 1980 (lich. at M through Krempelhuber). - Humphrey, H.B., Makers of North American botany 222-224. 1961 (biogr. sketch). - Johnson, W.R., A memoir of the late Lewis David von Schweinitz, P.D., with a sketch of his scientific labours, Philadelphia (William P. Gibbons) 1835, 38 p. (biogr., herbarium, bibl.); see also Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 3: 9-25. 1886. - Hooker, W.J., Amer. J. Sci. 9: 279. 1825. - Kellerman, W.A., J. Mycol. 2: 31-34. 1886 (biogr. sketch, portr.). - Lawrence, G.H.M., Huntia 1: 164. 1964 (letters by Schw. to C.H. Mertens in HU). - Lehman, E.A., The Wachovia Moravian 13(142): 4-6. Dec 1904. - Leonard, W.E., Bull. Minnesota Acad. nat. Sci. 13: 29-30. 1886 (biogr. sketch). - Lloyd, C.G., Mycol. Notes 44: 606-607. 1916 (biogr. sketch, portr.). - McKelvey, S.D., Bot. expl. Trans-Miss. West 1790-1850, p. 1137-1138 \[index\]. 1955. - Mears, J.A., Taxon 25: 327. 1976 (on herb.), Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 122: 155-168. 1978 (id.); Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 133: 162. 1981 (herb. PH). - Morgan, A.P., Bot. Gaz. 9(2): 17-19. 1884 (biogr. sketch). - Overholts, L.O., Mycologia 15: 207-232. *pl. 21-24.* Sep 1923 (species of *Poria* descr. by Schw.). - Pennell, F.W., Bartonia 13: 50-52. 1931 (record books), 16: 1-8. 1935 (on Schw. and his herb.), 19: 49. 1838 (unpubl. works), 21: 38-57. 1942 (as a collector); Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 94: 148-149. 1980. - Porter, T.C., Proc. Pennsylv.-Germ. Soc. 6: 9-10. 1896 (portr.). - Rodgers, A.D., John Torrey 349 \[index\]. 1942. - Rogers, D.P., Mycologia 69: 223-245. 1977 (on Schw. and early Amer. mycol.; "patron saint"; detailed study; extensive list of secondary references and studies; important study); Brief hist. mycol. N. Amer. ed. 1: 7, 8, 12. 1977, ed. 2: 85 \[index\]. 1981. - Sayre, G., Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 19(3): 395-396. 1975 (coll.); Bryologist 80: 517. 1977 (musci at PH, FH, PC-Durand). - Schade, A., Natura lusatica, Bautzen 5: 18, 34. 1961 (note on work in Oberlausitz). - Schallert, P.O., Bartonia 16: 8-12. 1935 (collecting in N. Carolina). - Schuyler, A.E., Morris Arbor. Bull. 24(2): 33. 1973 (general note; portr.). - Seidel, Z. Pilzk. 2: 221-225. 1923 (on work in Oberlausitz). - Shear, C.L., Plant World 5: 45-47, *pl. 10* (portr.) 1902; Rhodora 7: 141-143. 1905 (letter A.Gray to Schw.); Mycologia 41: 456-461. 1949 (Schw.-Fries letters; one letter by S. to Fries is at UPS). - Shear, C.L. & N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 9: 191-204, *pl. 8-9* (sketch mycol. work), 333-344 (studies of Schw. coll. fungi). 1917; Mem. Torrey bot. Club 16(3): 119-281. 1921 (corr. Schw.-Torrey). - Stuckey, R.L., Bartonia 36: 1-34. 1967 (corr. Daniel Steinhauer-Schweinitz); Taxon 20: 443-459. 1971; Michigan Bot. 17: 25-31. 1978 (D.B. Douglass plants in herb. Schw.); Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 131: 9-51. 1979 (type specimens of flowering pl. East. N. Amer. in herb. Schw.; extensive list of secondary literature); Biogr. dict. N. Amer. environm. (in press). - Stuckey, R.L. & J.R. Wehrmeister, Bartonia 46: 15-21. 1979 (letters of C.F. Denke to Schweinitz). - Verdoorn, F., ed., Chron. bot. 4: 278, 447. 1938. - Voss, E.G., Contr. Univ. Mich. Herb. 13: 41. 1978. - Weatherby, C.A., Rhodora 23: 300-301. 1922 (meeting Schweinitz-Torrey). - Wilson, J.G. & J. Fiske, eds., Appleton's Encycl. Amer. biogr. 5: 434. 1888. - Wittrock, V.B., Acta Horti Berg. 3(3): 201. 1905. - Youmans, W.J., ed., Pop. Sci. Mon. 44(6): 833-840. 1904 (biogr. sketch, portr.); Pioneers of Science in America 167-175. 1896. #### Composite works - (1) *Monotropsis* Schweinitz, *in* S. Elliott, *Sketch bot. S. Carolina* 1: 478-479. Dec\[?\] 1817. - (2) *A catalogue of plants collected in the North-Western Territory* by Mr. Thomas Say, in the year 1823, *in* W.H. Keating, *Narrat. exp. St. Peter's River* 2: 379-400. Dec 1824 or early 1825 (in London ed., 1825, 2 (app.): 105-123), see TL-2/3560 and R.L. Stuckey (1970). - (3) *Fungi, in* J. Torrey, *Catalogue of North American genera of plants..., in* J. Lindley, *Intr. nat. syst. bot.*, first Amer. ed. Dec 1831, TL-2/4644. - (4) *Catalogus plantarum in monte Pokono* (North-Hampt. Pennsylvaniae) observatorum a L.D. Schweinitz, *in* Maximilian Alexander Philipp, Prinz zu Wied-Neuwied \[1782-1867\], *Reise in das innere Nord-Amerika* in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834, 1: 631-634. 1839. #### Handwriting Bartonia 28: *pl*. 7. 1957, Mycologia 41(4): 457. 1949. #### Manuscripts and letters - (1) Most archival material concerning Schweinitz is at PH (see PH p. xxiv, coll. 4, 130, 137, 248, 437, 438, 557, 657), e.g.: (a) *Synopsis plantarum americanorum*, 357 p. in PH coll. 130, item no. 3 (coll. 130 consists of 8 "synopses of various botanical groups"). (b) Systematically arranged catalogue of the Schweinitz herbarium, 326 p., in PH coll. 137, item no. 12 (coll. 137 consists of 14 "herbarium catalogi and indexes"). - (2) Several manuscripts which belonged to J. Torrey were given to Sullivant in 1860 and are now at FH. Among them a *Conspectus muscorum frondosorum americanorum herbarii*, a list of 267 American musci with indication of which are in his herbarium; also a similar mss. on Hepaticae and a diary of observations on cryptogams in 1821 (inf. G. Sayre). - (3) For the archival holdings of Schweinitz items at NY see Lenley 362, 363, 468 (Torrey corr.). - (4) *Correspondence* (published): with C.F. Denke (R.L. Stuckey & J.R. Wehrmeister, 1979), E. Fries (CL. Shear 1902), A. Gray (J.L. Gray 1893; C.L. Shear 1905), C.H. Mertens (G.H.M. Lawrence 1964), Th. Nuttall (J.E. Graustein 1967), D. Steinhauer (R.L. Stuckey 1967), J. Torrey (C.L. Shear & N.E. Stevens 1921 and see H.D. Rodgers, 1942). #### Eponymy *Schweinitzia* S. Elliott ex T. Nuttall (1818); *Schweinitzia* Greville (1823); *Schweinitzia* Massée (1895); *Schweinitziella* Spegazzini (1888). ### Publications ##### n.11.488. Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae superioris agro niskiensi crescentium e methodo Persooniana **Title** *Conspectus fungorum in Lusatiae superioris agro niskiensi crescentium e methodo Persooniana*. Cum tabulis xii aeneis pictis, species novas xciii sistentibus... Lipsiae \[Leipzig\] (sumtibus Kummerianis) 1805. Oct. (in fours). **Abbreviated title**: *Consp. Jung. Lusat.* **Notes** *Co-author*. Johannes Baptista von Albertini (1769-1831), see TL-1/p. 27 and no. 75. This is an amended entry. – For the part of Albertini in publishing the *Conspectus* see D.P. Rogers (1977, p. 235-236) and D.M. Benedict (1935). *Publ*.: 1805 (p. xii: Mai 1804; Jenaische Allg. Lit.-Zeit. 14 Mar 1806), p. \[i\]-xxiv, \[1\]-376, *pl. 1-12* (col. copp. Schweinitz). *Copies*: BR, NY, PH, Stevenson; IDC 5284. – Survey of the fungi growing around Niesky in Upper Lusatia (not Nisko as err. stated sub TL-2/75), the seat of a sizeable colony of Moravian brethern of the Herrnhut group. The colony counted educational institutions, such as a teacher's college, a mission school and an elementary school for boys. ##### n.11.489. Specimen florae Americae septentrionalis cryptogamicae **Title** *Specimen florae Americae septentrionalis cryptogamicae*; sistens: muscos hepaticos huc usque in Am. Sept. observatos. or: specimen of a systematic arrangement and description of the cryptogamous plants of North-America: comprising a diagnostic description of all the hepatic mosses hitherto observed in North-America; with ampler descriptions of a number of new species by Lewis D. de Schweiniz \[sic\], D.P. Raleigh (printed by J. Gales) 1821. Oct. (in fours). **Abbreviated title**: *Spec. fl. Amer. crypt.* **Notes** *Publ*.: probably Sep-Oct 1821 (letters Schweinitz to Torrey 19 Apr and 29 Oct 1821), p. \[1\]-27. *Copies*: FH, HH, NY, PH, US. *Note*: see also *On two remarkable hepatic mosses found in North Carolina*... J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2(2): 361-370. *1 pl*. 1822 \[read 26 Nov 1822\]. ##### n.11.490. Attempt of a monography of the Linnean genus Viola **Title** Art. x. – *Attempt of a monography of the Linnean genus Viola*, comprising all the species hitherto observed in North-America; by Lewis D. de Schweinitz, of Salem, North Carolina. \[Amer. J. Sci. 5: 48-81. 1822\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jun 1822 (journal issue Jun 1825; a footnote on p. 41 states of Schweinitz: "Now (April, 1822) of Bethlehem, Penn."), p. \[48\]-81. *Copies*: FI, US. – Reprinted with original pagination and to be cited from Amer. J. Sci. 5(1): 48-81. Jun 1822. ##### n.11.491. Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris **Title** *Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris* secundum observationes Ludovici Davidis de Scweinitz \[sic\]... edita a D.F. Schwaegrichen. E commentariis Societatis Naturae Curiosorum lipsiensis excerpta. \[Leipzig 1822\]. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Syn. fung. Carol. sup.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 18 Jul-15 Nov 1822 (see Rogers 1944 and 1977 for further details; the date of 15 Nov is that of sending a copy from Bethlehem, Pa.; the copies must have been despatched to the author from Leipzig at least six weeks earlier which would put the date of publication between 18 Jul and 1 Sep 1822; the publication came out after Persoon, Mycol. eur. vol. 1, and before E. Fries, Syst. mycol. 2(1)), p. \[1\]-105, *pl. 1-2* (col. copp. J.F. Schröter). *Copies*: FH, G, NY, PH, USDA; IDC 6313. – Preprinted or reprinted from Schr. naturf. Ges. Leipzig 1: 20-131, *pl. 1-2* (id.) and generic index on p. 231-232 (1822). – Schweinitz never saw a copy of the journal publication (Rogers 1977); it contains on p. 20-27 an editorial introduction by Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen (1775-1853). The plates were made by J.F. Schröter for the editor Schwägrichen, and not by Schweinitz himself. – Reprints or tear-sheets with the journal pagination are e.g. at BR, FH, G, HH, MICH, MO, Stevenson. *Facsimile ed*.: 1976, p. \[i\*-iv\* new mat. facs. ed.\], \[i-iii, journal t.p. & ded.\], 20-131, *pl. 1-2.* ISBN 3-7682-1065-0. Bibliotheca mycologica Band 49 (J. Cramer in der A.R. Gantner Verlag Kommanditgesellschaft FL-9490, Vaduz, Liechtenstein). *Copy*: FAS. – See Taxon 26: 126. 1977. *Ref*.: Arthur, J.C. & G.R. Bibsy, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 57: 172-292. 1918 (on rusts in Synopsis; translation, notes). - Rogers, D.P., Mycologia 36: 530. 1944 (comparison with Persoon, *Traité champ. comest*., see TL-2/7734. ##### n.11.492. On two remarkable Hepatic mosses **Title** *On two remarkable Hepatic mosses* found in North Carolina by L.D. Schweinitz... J. Acad. nat.-Sci. Philadelphia 2(1). 1822. Oct. **Notes** Publ.: Dec 1822 (date on cover), J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 2(2): 361-370. 1822. *Ref*.: Fox, W.J., *in* W.J. Nolan, Index sci. cont. J. proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia – 1812-1912, Philadelphia 1913, p. vii (date). - Phillips, J.S., Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 58. 1841 (date). ##### n.11.493. Description of a number of new American species of Sphaeriae **Title** *Description of a number of new American species of Sphaeriae*. By Lewis D. de Schweinitz. Read February 15, 1825. \[J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5: 3-16, *pl. 1-2.* 1825\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jun 1825 (date of journal issue), p. 3-16, *pl. 1-2. Copy*: FH. – Reprinted with original pagination and to be cited from J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5: 3-16. *pl. 1-2.* Jun 1825. ##### n.11.494. Monograph of the North American species of the genus Carex **Title** *Monograph of the North American species of the genus Carex* by the Rev. L.D. de Schweinitz. Edited by John Torrey. From vol. i. part ii of the Annals of the Lyceum of natural History of New-York \[sic\]. New-York (printed by J. Seymour) 1825. Oct. (in fours). **Abbreviated title**: *Monogr. N. Amer. Carex*. **Notes** *Authorship*: John Torrey is listed as having edited the paper. However, in a note on p. \[374\], dated "Bethlehem, Penn. Dec. 20, 1825" von Schweinitz states that, in view of the amendments proposed by Torrey, "the Monograph should be considered and quoted in all respects, as the joint production of Dr. Torrey and myself. The contents of the journal issue list the paper as "by L.D. Schweinitz and J. Torrey". *Publ*.: late Dec 1825 or early 1826 (in view of the note on p. \[374\], dated 20 Dec 1825 from Bethlehem, the earliest possible date would be very late in December but more likely early in the year 1826), cover-t.p., p. 283-373, \[374, note\], *pl. 24-28, 28bis* (uncol. copp. P. Maverick). *Copies*: Ewan, G, HH, MO, NY, PH; IDC 5161. *Preliminary publ*.: *An analytical table to facilitate the determination of the hitherto observed North American species of the genus Carex*, Ann. Lyc. nat. Hist. New York 1(2): 62-64. Feb, 65-71. Mar 1824. – Reprint p. 62-71 at US. ##### n.11.495. Synopsis fungorum in America boreali media degentium **Title** Transactions of the American philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting useful knowledge. Vol. iv. new series. – part ii. Art. viii. – *Synopsis fungorum in America boreali media degentium*. Secundum observationes Ludovici Davidis de Schweinitz. Published by the Society. Philadelphia (printed by James Kay, Jun and Co....) 1832. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 24 Mai-29 Aug 1832 (Rogers 1977, p. 238; the special cover of the issue for "Art. viii" is dated 1832; the volume as a whole is dated 1834; the mss. was submitted to the Society on 15 Apr 1831), cover-t.p., \[141\]-316, *pl. 19* (uncol.), \[1, expl. pl.\]. Published as and to be cited from Trans. Amer. philos. Soc. ser. 2. 4(2). 1832. *Copies* (journal issue): FH, G(2), HH, MO, NY, PH(3); IDC 7729. – Rogers (1977): "Perhaps 80% of the species described as new really are new. This is a remarkable batting average ..." See also R.H. Petersen (1980) and M.S. Stieber (1980). *Facsimile ed*.: 1962, J. Cramer (Weinheim), Historiae naturalis classica tomus xxiv, p. \[i-v\], 141-316, *pl. 19*, \[1\]. *Copies*: B, BR, FAS. – The t.p. reproduced on p. \[v\] is that for the completed volume 4 of the new series, and is dated 1834. It should be noted that the actual date is 1832 as stated above. *Ref*.: Arthur, J.C. & G.R. Bisby, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 57: 172-292. 1918 (rusts; partial translation). - Berkeley, M.J. & M.A. Curtis, J. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia ser. 2. 3: 205-224. 1856. - Petersen, R.H., "B. & C": the mycological association of M.J. Berkeley and M.A. - Curtis, Bibl. mycol. 72, 1980 (p. 71-120: unpubl. comm. on *Synopsis*). - Rogers, B.P., Mycologia 36: 531. 1944, 69: 238-239. 1977. - Shear, C.L. & N.E. Stevens, Mycologia 9: 198. 1917, 37: 224-225. 1935. - Stieber, M.T., Huntia 3(3): 179-180. 1979.