> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 548](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33190019) of TL-2 Vol. IV > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/12754-1) LSID 12754-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130327) QID Q130327 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] ### Author Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley (1781-1826), British colonial administrator and naturalist; with the East India company in London 1795-1805; at Penang 1805-1811, lieutenant-governor of the Netherlands East Indies 1811-1816; in London 1816-1817; governor of Bencoolen (Bengkulo), Sumatra 1818-1824. **Abbreviated name**: *Raffles* \[standard form in IPNI: *Raffles*\] #### Herbarium and types Some material at [[Collection G|G]] and [[Collection K|K]]; collections partly destroyed on his 1824 voyage to England. #### Bibliography and biography AG 4: 689; Backer p. 481-483; Barnhart 3: 123; BB p. 251-252; BM 4: 1639; Dawson p. 692; Desmond p. 509 (b. 5 Jul 1781, d. 4 Jul 1826); DNB 47: 161-165; DSB 11: 261-262 (q.v. for further sec. references and bibl.); Frank 3 (Anh.): 81; Lasègue p. 580 \[index\]; Rehder 3: 360; SK 1: 424-425 (many details), cxxiii, 4: c, clx, 5: ccxxxvii, cccxiii, 8: lxxix; TL-2/see W. Jack. #### Biofile - Allen, D.E., The naturalist in Britain 104. 1976. - Allibone, S.A., Crit. dict. Engl. lit. 1723-1724. 1878. - Anon., Bull. misc. Inf. Kew 1910: 154 (founded Singapore bot. gard. 1822); Flora 4: 309-319. 1821 (on his History of Java). - Bastin, J.S., The native policies of Sir Stamford Raffles in Java and Sumatra. An economic interpretation. Oxford. 1957, xx, 163 p.; Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Liverpool, published by The Ocean Steam Ship Company Limited, 1969, 22 p. and 13 pl. (Raffles-Minto manuscript collection); Straits Times Annual 1971: 58-63. (popular appraisal of R. as a naturalist). - Boulger, D.C., The life of Sir Stamford Raffles, London, 1899, xv, 403 p., 14 pl. (biogr., portr.); new ed. C. Knight 1973, 207 p. - Bridson, G.D.R. et al., Nat. hist. mss. res. Brit. Isl. 430 \[index\]. 1980. - Clair, Colin, Sir Thomas Raffles, founder of Singapore, Watsford, Bruce and Gawthorn Ltd., 1963, 104 p. - Collis, M., Raffles, London, 1976, 228 p., 36 pl. (biogr.). - Cook, J.A. Bethune, Sunny Singapore, London, 1907, p. 30-38. - Coupland, R., Raffles 1781-1826, Oxford Univ. Press 1926, 134 p., (biogr., portr.). - Hahn, E., Raffles of Singapore, a biography, Garden City, New York 1946, xv, 587 p., 10 pl. - Jackson, B.D., Bull. misc. Inf. Kew 1901: 54 (material at K). - Jessen, K.F.W., Bot. Gegenw. Vorz. 469. 1864. - Kalkman, C. & P. Smit, eds., Blumea 25(1): 6. 1979. - Miller, H.S., Taxon 19: 537. 1970 (sale Raffles specimens from Lambert herb.). - Poggendorf, J.C., Biogr.-lit. Handw.-Buch 2: 559. 1863. - Raffles, S., Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. London 1830, xvi, 723, 100 p. (portr. biogr.). - Sirks, M. J., Ind. natuurond. 82-84. 1915. - Smith, E., Life Joseph Banks 273, 282, 296. 1911. - Stearn, W.T., Nat. Hist. Mus. S. Kensington 284-285. 1981. - Steenis, C.G. van, Fl. males. 13: 548. 1957, 26: 1996. 1972, 35: 3737. 1982. - Steenis-Kruseman, M. J. van, *in* Forbes R.J. ed., Mart. van Marum 3: 159. 1971. - Swainson, W., Taxidermy 296-300. 1840 (bibl.). - Wurtzburg, C.E., Raffles of the Eastern Isles, London, Hodder and Stoughton 1954, 788 p. (biogr., portr.). #### Handwriting Bastin, J., Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles 1969, *pl. 11-12.* #### Eponymy *Rafflesia* R. Brown (1821).