> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 456](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33355543) of TL-2 Vol. III > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/6431-1) LSID 6431-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521848) QID Q521848 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] ### Author Michaux, André (1746-1803), French botanist and explorer of Iran (1782-1785), North America (1785-1796); later on a French exploring expedition (1800-1805) under Capt. Baudin as far as Madagascar, where he died. **Abbreviated name**: *Michx.* \[standard form in IPNI: *Michx.*\] #### Herbarium and types The North American herbarium, mainly collected by Michaux himself, is at [[Collection P|P]], kept separate as an *herbier historique* (2.192 species). The North American bryophytes are kept separately at [[Collection PC|PC]]. This herbarium contains the types of the *Flora boreali-americana*. On his return from N. America in 1769 Michaux was shipwrecked on the Dutch coast and lost part of his collections. Duplicates are e.g. at [[Collection B|B]], [[Collection BR|BR]], [[Collection G|G]] and [[Collection LIV|LIV]], and also in the general herbarium of [[Collection P|P]] through the Richard herbarium. For Michaux' fern herbarium see Morton (1967). The herbarium of the *Flora boreali-americana* is available on IDC microfiche (no. 6211). Michaux' mss. itinerary is at [[Collection PH|PH]]. #### Bibliography and biography ADB 6: 591-592; AG 2(1): 450, 4: 532; Backer p. 369; Barnhart 2: 485; BM 3; 1305, 7: 838; CSP 17: 226; DAB 12: 591-592; Dawson p. 610, 711; DSB 9: 365-366; Dryander 3: 185; Frank 3(Anh.): 65; GF p. 67; GR p. 288; Herder p. 225, 296; Hortus 3: 1199 ("Michx."); IF p. 719; IH 1 (ed. 6): 362, 2: 535; Jackson p. 141, 360, 508; Kew 3: 675; Langman p. 505; Lasègue p. 461, 505; LS 17084a; ME 1: 212, 3: 358, 359, 362, 364, 735-736; MW p. 321; NI 1357-1359; Pennell p. 614; Plesch p. 334-335; PR 6194 (ed. 1: 6904-6905); Rehder 5: 571; RS p. 119, SBC p. 127 ("Michx."); Stevenson p. 1251; SY p. 15; TL-1/839-840; TL-2/see index; Tucker 1: 483; Urban-Berl. p. 375; Zander ed. 10, p. 692, ed. 11, p. 789. - Anon., Bot. Gaz. 8(3): 181-183. 1883. - Barnhart, J. H., Torreya 9: 246-248. 1909; Mem. Torrey bot. Club 16: 296. 1921; J. New York Bot. Gard. 23: 163. 1922 (b. 7 Mar 1746, d. 13 Nov 1802), 27: 197. 1926, 29: 150-515. 1928; Bartonia 9: 40. 1926. - Blakelock, R. A. & E. R. Guest, Fl. Iraq 1: 109, 114. 1966. - Boissier, E., Fl. orient. 1: xxiii, xxvi. 1867. - Boivin, B., Provancheria 10: 3, 33, 69, 147. 1980. - Boone, W., Hist. bot. Virginia 4. 1965. - Brunet, O., Notice sur les plantes de Michaux et sur son voyage au Canada, Quebec 1861, 45 p. - Candolle, Alph. de, Phytographie 433. 1880 (herb.). - Chinard, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 101(4): 344-361. 1957 (also in J. L. Leroy et al. "Les botanistes français en Amérique du Nord", Paris 1957, p. 263-284). - Coats, A. M., The plant hunters 389 \[index\]. 1969. - Coker, W. C., J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 27(2): 65-72. 1911 (on M's garden at Charleston; with portr. of F. A. Michaux). - Darlington, W., Reliq. Baldw. 19, 20, 21, 24, 41, 49, 54, 72, 83, 99, 107, 136, 141, 280, 288, 301, 328, 330, 344, 346. 1843. - Deleuze, Ann. Mus. Hist. nat. 3: 191-227. 1804 (general biogr.; Deleuze must have had access to Michaux' American Journal of 1785-1796; see below, Sargent, 1889): *in* Konig et Sims, Ann. Bot. 1: 321-355. 1805 (translation from Ann. Mus. Hist. nat.; second translation, n.v., fide Ewan, *in* Western Gleaner, Pittsburgh 2(2): 83-95, 3: 141-153, 4: 212-220. 1814). - Duprat, G., *in* J. F. Leroy, Bot. franç. Amér. nord 241-252. 1957. (corr.). - Dutilly and Lepage, Rev. Université Ottawa 15: 88-102. 1954 (retracing the route of Michaux's Hudson's Bay Journey of 1792). - Earnest, E., John and William Bartram 166. 1940. - Eaton, D. C., Canad. Natural. ser. 2. 5: 24-31. 1870 (ferns). - Eifert, V. S., Tall trees and far horizons 77-100. 1965. - Ewan, J., Introduction to facs. ed. Flora boreali-americana, p. v-xlvi. 1974; Southwestern Louisiana J. 7: 1-83. 1967 \[1968\]; *in* J. F. Leroy, Bot. franç. Amér. nord 37. 1957; *in* F. Pursh, Fl. Amer. sept facs. repr. 1979, intr. p. 22. - Ewan, J. et al., Short hist. bot. U.S. 5, 11, 38, 89, 97, 138. - Fedtschenko, B. A., Bot. Zhurn. 30: 38. 1945. - Fernald, M. L., Rhodora 6: 134-137. 1904, 10: 147-148. 1908, 14: 69-70. 1912, 17: 105-107. 1915, 27: 37-40. 1925, 45: 298-303. 1943, 48: 383-388. 1946, 52: 25-27. 1950 (notes on various taxa described by M.). - Fuchs, H. P., Beih. Nova Hedw. 3: 94. 1962. - Geiser, S. W., Natural. Frontier 16, 241. 1948. - Graustein, J. E., Thomas Nuttall 472 \[index\]. 1967. - Gray, A., Amer. J. Sci. 42: 2-9. 1841, 124: 322-323. 1882; London J. Bot. 1: 2-10. 1842. - Guillaumin, A., Les fleurs des Jardins xxxvii, 1929. - Hickel, R., Bull. Soc. dendrol. France 67: 57-79. 1928 (general biogr.). - Hindle, Brook, Pursuit Sci. revol. Amer. 306-307. 1956. - Hitchcock, A. S., Contr. U.S. natl. Herb. 12: 113-158, i-v. 1908 (types of Michaux grasses). - Hooker, W. J., Amer. J. Sci. Arts 9: 266-269. 1825; J. Bot. 3: 368-369. 1841 (unsubstantiated statement that L. C. Richard was author of *Fl. bor.-am.*). - Humphrey, H. B., Makers North Amer. Bot. 174-177. 1961. - Kukkonen, I., Herb. Christian Steven 72. 1971. - Kuntze, O., Rev. gen. pl. 1: cxxxvi. 1891. - Lacroix, A., Figures de Savants 4: 71, 73-80, 157, 216, 232, *pl. 22.* 1938. - Lamaute, M. F., Private comm. Oct 1980 (birth certificate of M shows b. 8 Mar 1746; M died on 11 Oct 1803). - Laundon, J. R., Lichenologist 11: 14. 1979 (lichens at PC-Thuret). - Leroy, J. F. et al., Bot. franç. Amér. nord 354 \[index\]. 1957 (various important studies). - McClure, F., Taxon 6: 200. 1957. - MacPhail, I., Cat. Redout. 18, 46. 1963. - Miller, H. S., Taxon 19: 533. 1970 (Lambert herb.). - Morton, C. V., Amer. Fern Journ. 57: 166-182. 1967. - Motte, J., *in* J. F. Leroy, ed., Bot. franç. Amér. nord 57-65. 1957 (copy *Flora* annotated by Delile). - O'Gorman, Garden, New York, 2(2): 6-10, 28. 1978 (on *Shortia*). - Poiret, J. L. M., Enc. méth., bot. 8: 737-741. 1808. - Penhallow, D. P., Trans. R. Soc. Canada 5(4): 60. 1887, ser. 2. 3(4): 3-56. 1897. - Rehder, A., J. Arnold Arb. 4(1): 1-8. 1923 (on M's 1792 publ. on N. Amer. pl.). - Rembert, D. H., Castanea 44: 65-80. 1979 (M's Carolina pl.). - Ricker, P. L., Rhodora 36: 130-132. 1934 (on *Lespedeza*). - Robbins, W.J. & M. C. Howson, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 102(4): 351-370. 1958 (on M's New Jersey garden). - Rodgers, A. D., John Torrey 345. 1942. - Rousseau, J., Mem. Jard. bot. Montréal 3: 1-34. 1948 (trip to Mistassini in 1792). - Rumilly, R., Le frère Marie-Victorin 102, 103, 195. 1949. - Rusby H. H., Bull. Torrey bot. Club 11(8): 88-90. 1884 (M's New Jersey garden). - Sargent C S., Amer. J. Sci. 132: 466-473. 1886 (journey in Carolina); Proc. Amer. philos. Soc 26(129): 1-145. 1889 (portions of the Journal of A. M. 1785-1796; intr. and notes by Sargent). Also separately as "Journal of André Michaux 1787-1796"; Rhodora 17: 49-50 1915 (on Washington and M.). - Sayre, G., Rev. bryol. lichénol. 42(2): 677-681. 1976 (L. C. Richard author of at least bryoph. portion *Fl. bor.-amer.*); Bryologist 80: 513. 1977 (bryoph. types PC-Richard). - Schubert, B. G., Rhodora 44: 147-149. 1942 (dates *Fl. bor.-amer.*). - Short, C. W., (Transylv. J. Med. 35, *in*) Hooker J. Bot. 3: 100-104. 1841. - Smith, E., Bartonia 28: 3-4, 28. 1957. - Spaulding, P., Pop. Sci. Monthly 73: 488-492. 1908 (hist. bot. St. Louis). - Steinberg, C. H., Webbia 32(1): 32. 1977 (material at FI). - Stafleu, F. A., Linnaeus and the Linnaeans 280. 1971. - Steere, W. C., Bot. Rev. 43: 292. 1977 (bryol.). - Thwaites, R. G., Early western travels 1748-1846, 3: 10-20. 1904. - True, Proc. Amer. philos. Soc. 78(2): 313-327. 1937 (biogr. F. A. Michaux with notes on A. M.). - Urban, I., Symb. ant. 3: 85-86. 1902. - Verdoorn, F. et al., Pl. pl. sci. Latin America 226. 1945. #### Handwriting Bartonia 28: *pl. 6.* 1957; see also *in* J. F. Leroy, Bot. franç. Amér. nord *pl. xxxi.* 1957. #### Eponymy *Michauxia* L'Héritier (1788); *Michauxia* Salisbury (1796). ### Publications ##### n.5957. Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique **Title** *Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique*, ou descriptions et figures de toutes les espèces et vatiétés de Chênes de l'Amérique septentrionale, considérées sous les rapports de la botanique, de leur culture et de leur usage... A Paris (De l'imprimerie de Crapelet) An ix-1801. Fol. **Abbreviated title**: *Hist. chênes Amér.* **Notes** *Publ*.: Mai 1801 (TL-1), p. \[i, iii\], \[1\]-\[56\] (sign. 1-14, only a few pages actually numbered), *pl. 1-36*, uncol. copp. by H. J. Redouté (nos. *1, 20, 33, 34*) and P. J. Redouté (all others). *Copies*: BR, FI, G, HU, L, MO, NY, U; IDC 6065. – In his preface Michaux states that he has left the work of publishing his books to his son: "J'ai laissé à mon fils le soin de surveiller l'impression de ces deux ouvrages \[i.e. *Hist. chênes* and *Fl Am. sept.*\]." There are copies on laid paper and, a smaller number, on wove paper. A copy with manuscript annotations by F. A. Michaux, as well as with many proofs and originals is at K. *Abbreviated edition*: 1801, p. \[i\], \[1\]-2, \[i\]-iv, \[i-iv, conspectus, notfound in orig. ed.\], *pl. 1-36* (id.). *Copy*: G. – "*Histoire des chênes de l'Amérique*, ou... septentrionale. Par André Michaux,..." A Paris (Chez Levrault Frères, Quai Malaquais) An ix-1801. Fol. – We do not know whether this abbreviated variant edition with a new conspectus was indeed published later than the Crapelet edition. *German translation*: 1802-1804. *Copy*: MO. – "*Geschichte der amerikanischen Eichen*, oder Beschreibungen und Abbildungen aller Arten und Abarten der Eichen des nördlichen Amerika; nach ihren Kennzeichen, ihrem Anbau und Nutzen... Übersetzt und mit illuminirten Abbildungen begleitet von Hofr. und Prof. J. S. Kerner \[Johann Simon von Kerner 1755-1830\]..." Stuttgart (auf Kosten des Herausgebers. Gedruckt in Strasbourg, bey Gebr. Levrault) 1802-1804. Qu. (*Gesch. amer. Eichen*). *Erstes Heft*: 1802, p. \[i\], \[1\]-16, *pl. 1-5* (col.). *Zweytes Heft*: 1804, p. \[i\], 17-28, *pl. 6-14* (id.). We have seen no copy of Hefte 3 and 4; they probably remained unpublished. The publisher announced also the availability of copies with uncolored plates. The book seems to be very rare (see e.g. Junk, Catal. 206, no. 211. 1977). *English version*: 1808, by W. Wade, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. 6, 1808. ##### n.5958. Flora boreali-americana **Title** *Flora boreali-americana*, sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit Andreas Michaux,... tabulis aeneis 51 ornata... Parisiis et Argentorati \[Paris et Strasbourg\] (typis Caroli Crapelet; apud Fratres Levrault) anno xi-1803, 2 vols. Qu. and Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Fl. bor. -amer.* **Notes** *Ed. 1*: 19 Mar 1803 (see also ICBN 30. 1). *Vol. 1*: p. \[i\]-x, \[1, err.\], \[1\]-330, *pl. 1-29.* *Vol. 2*: p. \[i, iii\], \[1\]-340, *pl. 30-51.* *Copies*: FAS (Oct.), G (Qu.), HU (Qu.), L (Oct.), MO (Oct.), NY (Oct.), US (Qu., Oct.), USDA (Oct.); IDC 6130. *Ed. 2* (actually a reissue): Parisiis (Bibliopola Jouanaux Junior...) 1820. Oct. – Replacement of title pages only. Rarer than the first edition. *Copies*: G, NY, USDA; IDC 1061. *Vol. 1*: \[i\]-x, \[1, err.\], \[1\]-330, *pl. 1-29.* *Vol. 2*: \[i-iii\], \[1\]-340, *pl. 30-51.* *Facsimile ed*.: New York (Hafner Press), New York (Collier Macmillan Publishers) 1974, Classica botanica americana vol. 3. Introduction \[important!\] by J. Ewan. ISBN 0-02-849230-7. *Copy*: FAS. – See Taxon 23: 643. 1974.– 1: introduction \[i\]-xlvi, facsimile; 2: \[i-iv, new t.p.'s\], facsimile. NOTES: Kunth (Rev. gram. 137. 1829; Biogr. univ. 27:560-570) and Pritzel attribute this work to L. C. M. Richard. Martius (Fl. bras. 1:88. 1840) states of Richard "autor quoque est, saltern pro maxima parte, Florae boreali-americanae ab Michaux 1803 editae" (cf. McClure). Asa Gray (1841) states "Michaux himself, though an excellent and industrious collector and observer, was by no means qualified for authorship: and it is to L. C. Richard that the sagacious observations, and the elegant terse and highly characteristic specific phrases of this work are entirely due". Gray states in 1882 that the tradition that the descriptions were drawn up by L. C. Richard "is confirmed by the fact that Richard's herbarium... contains an almost complete set of the plants described, and I found that the specimens of Michaux supplied to Willdenow's herbarium at Berlin were ticketed and sent by Richard." See also Sayre 1976. – It is likely that Richard gave advice in the preparation of the manuscript and even prepared part of the descriptions, but Michaux regarded this work certainly as his own. His son saw the book through the press (*Hist. Chênes*, preface). Michaux must be cited as the author of the new taxa. The author citation is anyhow simply a bibliographical reference and not an award of merit. The book was published in two issues, quarto and octavo, with identical type setting and pagination. The octavo issue is on "papier grand raisin", The quarto issue is on "papier vélin", the quarto edition came out somewhat later: on 28 Mai 1803 it was not yet available (JT)... Since the two volumes were published at the same time and as a whole, it is necessary to take the addenda et corrigenda on p. \[xii\] of volume 1 into account for the orthography of new names published in the *Flora*. The 51 uncoloured copper engravings are all from drawings by P. J. Redouté. *Ref*.: Anon., J. typogr. 6: 217. 1803 (30 germ. 11). - Mitchell, Med. Repos. 8: 394-395. 1805 (rev. of Flora; fide Swan). - Hooker, W. J., Edinburgh J. Sci. 2: 108-129. 1825 (attributes the Flora to Richard). - Gray, A., *in* W. J. Hooker J. Bot. 3: 368. 1841. - Gray, A., Amer. J. Sci. ser. 3. 24: 322-323. 1882, see also Bot. Gaz. 7: 139-141. 1882 (attributes the *Flora* to Richard). - Kuntze, O., Rev. gen. 1: cxxxvi. 1891. - Schubert, B. G., Rhodora 44: 147-149. 1942. - Rousseau, J., Mém. Jard. bot. Montréal 3: 1-34. 1948. - McClure, F., Taxon 6: 200. 1957. - Stearn, W. T., Cat. Books Hunt bot. Lib. 2: xcix. 1961. - MacPhail, I., Cat. Redouteana 46. 1963. - Eifert, Tall trees and far horizons 77-100. 1965. - Sayre, G., Rev. bryol. lichénol. 42(2): 677-681. 1976 (type herbarium).