> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 487](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33068729) of TL-2 Vol. II > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/4622-1) LSID 4622-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719204) QID Q719204 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] ### Author Kalm, Pehr (1716-1779), Finnish-born botanist and traveller; pupil of Linnaeus; in North-America (1748-1751); from 1747 lecturer, later professor of economy and natural history at Abo (Turku). **Abbreviated name**: *Kalm* \[standard form in IPNI: *Kalm*\] #### Herbarium and types Kalm's own set of plants from North America was burnt in the great fire of Åbo. The most important extant set is the one Kalm gave to Linnaeus on whose instigation his North-American trip had been made (now at [[Collection LINN|LINN]]). Juel states that Linnaeus received a specimen of each of Kalm's species. Another set of 320 or 380 specimens came to Queen Lovisa Ulrika and was given to Uppsala ([[Collection UPS|UPS]]) by Gustav IV in 1803. Other material in the Thunberg herbarium ([[Collection UPS|UPS]]), in the Banks herbarium ([[Collection BM|BM]]), and at [[Collection H|H]]. *Ref*.: Juel, H. O., Sv. Linné-Sällsk. Arsskr. 3: 61-79. 1920, 4: 16-23. 1921, 13: 40-60. 1930 (revision of Kalm's herbarium at UPS). - Juel, H. O. and Harshberger, J. W., Proc. Acad. nat. Sci. Philadelphia 81: 297-303. 1929. - Kukkonen, I. & Viljamaa, K., Ann. Bot. fenn. 10: 312. 1973. - Löwegren, Naturaliekabinett i Sverige under 1700-talet 209, 314, 353. 1952. - Baum, B., Canad. J. Bot. 45(10): 1845-1852. 1967 (Kalm's specimens of North American grasses; evaluation for typification). #### Bibliography and biography Backer p. 297; Barnhart 2: 268; BM 2: 955-956; Bossert p. 203; Dryander 5: 300-302; DSB 7: 210-211; Frank 3(Anh.): 49; Henrey 2: 217, 273; Hortus 3: 1197 ("Kalm"); HU 599, 616; IH 2: 339; Kew 3: 208; KR p. 337-339; Lasègue p. 344, 572 \[index\]; ME 3: 344-346, 348, 349; Pennell p. 611; PR 4571-4584 (ed. 1: 5090-5127); Rehder 5: 444-445; Saelan p. 209-219; SO 144a, 903, 659a, 2586b, 2586-j, 3529; TR 630-634; Tucker 1: 381; Zander ed. 10, p. 676. - Archer, Huntia 1: 204-209. 1964 (Thomas Pennant's copy of Kalm's Travels). - Berkeley, E. and D. S., John Clayton 233 \[index\]. 1963; Dr. Alexander Garden 41-42, 54, 87. 1969; Dr. John Mitchell 280 \[index\]. 1974. - Boone, W., Hist. bot. W. Virginia 4. 1965. - Collander, R., Hist. bot. Finland 13, 14, 60, 117. 1965; Bibl. bot. Fenn. 1901-1950: 226. 1973. - Crosswhite, F. S., Bot. Expl. North Amer, to 1810, p. 8-9. 1965 (mimeographed). - Crowley, Morton Arbor. Quart. 12(3): 43. 1976 (brief popular notice). - Darlington, W., Memorials 181, 184, 199, 213, 249, 371, 372, 367, 377, 378, 445, 581, 1849. - Dony, J. G., Fl. Hertfordshire 12. 1967. - Drewitt, F. D., Apothec. Garden 104 \[index\]. 1922. - Earnest, E., John and William Bartram 185 \[index\]. 1940. - Eriksson, G., Bot. hist. Sverige 80, 245, 282, 318. 1969. - Ewan, J. et al., Short hist. bot. U.S. 3, 35, 147. 1969; Regn. veg. 71: 36-37. 1970. - Fagin, N. B., William Bartram 5, 6, 39. 1933. - Fries, Th. M., Bref skrifv. Linné 1(1): 129, 132. 1907, 1(2): 370 \[index\]. 1908, 1(3): 340 \[index\]. 1909, 1(4): 151. 1910, 1(5): 198. 1911, 1(6): 98. 1912. - Goerke, Südh. Arch. Gesch. Med. 47: 214-223. 1963 (medical notes in K's travelogues). - Harshberger, J. W., Bot. Philadelphia 77, 447. 1899. - Hedrick, U.P., Hist. hort. America 17, 57, 73-74. 1950. - Hemleben, Southwest. Louisiana J. 2(2): 94-106. 1958. - Hindle, B., Pursuit Sci. revol. Amer. 26, 34-35, 73, 105. 1956. - Hintikka, T. J., P. Kalmin osuus Suomen kasviston selvitystyössä. Helsinki 1943, 117 p. (Ann. Soc. zool.-bot. fenn. Vanamo 17(2)) (K's share in the exploration of the finnish flora in the light of his *Plantae fennicae* mss. of 1754 and of his correspondence with e.g. Linnaeus); Mem. Soc. Fauna Fl. fenn. 23: 145-150. 1947. - Hjelt, O. E. A., Naturhistoriens studium i Finland, Helsingfors 1868, p. 127-154 (incl bibliogr., p. 143-154); Naturalhistoriens studium vid Åbo universitet, Helsingfors 1896, p. 137-141. - Hjelt, O. E. A. & Hästeske, A., Pehr Kalms brev till samtida. I. Helsingfors 1914 (= Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Litteratursälskapet i Finland 114: 1-398). (= letters to C. F. Mennander). - Hulth, J. M., Bref Skrifv. Linné 2(1): 165, 167, 336. 1916; 2(2): 156, 157. 1943; Sv. Linné-Sällsk. Årsskr. 7: 39-49. 1924 (K as student of Linnaeus 1741-1747). - Jackson, W. D., Index to the Linnaean herbarium 14. 1912; J. Bot. 60: 334-335. 1922 (on "En kärt berättelse om Naturliger stället... Stockholm 1751). - Jourdan, Dict. Sci. méd. 5: 395-400. 1822. - Karell, Garden J. 18(3): 82-90. 1968 (English translation of a mss. by Kalm with the Hist. Soc. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, in which he reports on experimental plantings of American seeds in Finland). - Kerkkonen, Histori allisia tutkimuksia 22: 292-327. 1936; Peter Kalm's North American Journey, its ideological background and results. Helsinki 1959, 260 p. (portr., itin., bibl., refs. to earlier biogr., accounts, manuscript sources), important modern monograph, q.v. for many historical and bibliographical details. - Kukkonen, I., Pietari Kalmin viljelyskokeiden merkkejä hänen vanhassa puutarhassaan Hirvensalon Sipsalossa, Turun Ylioppilas 4: 184-192. 1955. (On marks of K's planting experiments at Hirvensale, Turku). - McAtee, Torreya 41(5): 151-160. 1941 (names of American plants in books on K's travels). - Larsen, Agricultural history 16(9): 149-157. 1942 (English translation of two articles by K on American walnuts, publ. in K. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 28: 51-64. 1767 and 30: 119-127. 1796). \[For German and Latin translations see KR p. 338, no. 19\]. - Penhallow, D. P., Rev. Can. bot. 46, 53-56, 59. 1887. - Pennell, F. W., Bartonia 21: 40. 1942. - Rodgers, A. D., John Torrey 40, 133. 1942. - Rousseau, J. & Béthune, G., Voyage de Pehr Kalm au Canada en 1749. Montréal 1977. - Rogers, D. P., Brief hist. mycol. N. Amer. 1977. - Rydberg, P. A., Augustana Coll. Libr. Publ. 5: 10-13. 1907 (brief account of American travels). (Contr. N.Y. Bot. Gard. no. 100). - Scheutz, Bot. Not. 1863: 69. - Schildt, Resenärer i Floras rike. Stockholm 1960, p. 11-72. - Skottsberg, C. J. F., Levnadsteckn. K. Sv. Vetenskapsakad. Ledam. 8(139): 219-503. 1951 (main biogr.); *in* Les botanistes français en Amérique du Nord avant 1850, Paris 1957, p. 179-187; Pehr Kalms brev till samtida. II Åbo 1960 (= Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland 382: 1-254) (letters to S. C. Bjelke). - Stafleu, F. A., Intr. Jussieu Gen. Pl. 1789 (reprint) xxxix. 1964. ("*Gaultheria* Kalm"); Linnaeus and the Linnaeans 148, 153. 1971; *in* Daniels & Stafleu, Taxon 21: 484. 1972. #### Handwriting Kerkkonen, M., Peter Kalm's North American journey, Helsinki 1959, *pl. 2-3*; see also Skottsberg (1951): p. 230; Rousseau and Béthune p. 549. #### Eponymy (genera) *Kalmia* Linnaeus (1753); *Kalmiella* J. K. Small (1903); *Kalmiophyllum* Kräusel & Weyland (1959); *Kalmiopsis* Rehder (1932); (journal): *Kalmia*. A botanic Journal. Levittown, Pa. Vol. i-x. 1969-x. *Note*: *Kalmusia* Niessl (1872) is dedicated to Jakub Kalmus (1834-1870), Bohemian physican and cryptogamist. ### Publications ##### n.3487. Adumbratio florae **Title** I.N.J. *Adumbratio florae*, dissertatione academica leviter delineata, quam consensu ampl. facult. phil. in reg. acad. Aboëns. praeside, Dr. Petro Kalm, oeconom. profess...., publice examinandam sistit Gustavus Orraeus, m.f. Wiburgensis. In audit. superiori, ad. d. iv. decembr. mdccliv. Horis, ante meridiem consuetis. Aboae, Impressit direct. & typog. reg. m. duc. Finland. Jacob Merckell \[1754\]. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Adumbr. fl.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 4 Dec 1754, p. \[i-viii\], \[1\]-28. *Copies*: GB, H. – The respondens Gustaf Orraeus (*fl*. 1754) is not to be considered author of this treatise on how to write a flora. – Information B. Peterson. *Ref*.: Saelan p. 383 (under Orraeus). ##### n.3488. de Erica vulgari **Title** D.A.G. Dissertatio botanica-oeconomica, *de Erica vulgari* et Pteride aquilina, quam, consensu ampl. facult. phil. in Lyceo, quod Aboae floret, sub moderamine Dr Petri Kalm, ... publico examini subjicit Johannes Lagus, J. F. Carelia-Fenno, die vii. Decembr. mdccliv. Loco horisque ante meridiem solitis. Aboae, impressit direct. & typog. reg. m. duc. Finland. Jacob Merckell \[1754\]. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Erica vulg.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 7 Dec 1754, p. \[i-vi\], \[1\]-20. *Copy*: GB (inf. B. Peterson). – Text to be attributed to Kalm. The respondens Johann Lagus (*fl*. 1755) published another botanical treatise in 1756 (economic botany); see Saelan. *Calluna* ("Erica") is dealt with on p. 2-15, *Pteris aquilina* on p. 15-20. ##### n.3489. Cqffé **Title** I.J.N. Enfaldige tanckar om *Caffé* och de inhemska wäxter, som plaga brukas i des ställe, med wederbörandes minne, under... Pehr Kalms inseende, uti et academiskt försök utgifne at Elias Granroth, Gust. Son. Österbotninge. I Åbo större Lärosal, f.m.den \[14\] Maij 1755. Åbo, tryckt hos direct. och kongl. boktr. i storförstendömet Finland, Jacob Merckell \[1755\] Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Caffé*. **Notes** *Publ*.: 14 Mai 1755, p. \[i-viii\], \[1\]-18. *Copy*: GB (inf. B. Peterson). – Possibly to be attributed to Elias Gustafsson Granroth (*fl*. 1755) (see e.g. p. 18). – Treats substitutes for coffee. ##### n.3490. Praestantiam plantarum **Title** D.D. dissertatio academica, *Praestantiam plantarum* indigenarum prae exoticis, laeviter adumbrans, quam suffrag. ampliss. facult. philos. in reg. ad auram acad. praeside,... Dr. Petro Kalm,... publicae bonorum censurae modeste submittit, auctor & respondens Johannes Henricus Aspegren, Ostrobotniensis. Die 6 Nov. anni 1762 in audit. maj. h.c.a.m. Aboae, impressit Joh. Christoph. Frenckell. \[1762\]. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Praest. pl.* **Notes** *Author of text*: Hans Henric Aspegren (*fl*. 1762). *Publ*.: 6 Nov 1762, p. \[i-viii\], \[1\]-43, \[1\]. *Copy*: GB (inf. B. Peterson). – Aspegren is cited as author on the t.p., see also p. \[1\] at end. ##### n.3491. Norra Americanska färge-örter **Title** Med Guds hjelp! *Norra Americanska färge-örter*, med philosophiska facultetens bifall, under... Herr Pehr Kalms inseende. Framstälde och \[fix\]il allmän granskning öfwerlämnade of Esaias Hollberg, And. fil.... i Åbo akademies öfre Läro-Sal på wanlig tid f.m. den 26 Nov. 1763. Åbo tryckt hos Joh. Christ. Frenckell \[1763\]. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *N. Amer. färge-ört.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 26 Nov 1763, p. \[i-iv\], \[1\]-8. *Copy*: GB (information B. Peterson). – To be attributed to Kalm himself. ##### n.3492. Wästgötha och Bahusländska Resa **Title** Pehr Kalms... *Wästgötha och Bahusländska Resa* förrättad år 1742. Med Anmärkningar uti historia naturali, physique, medicine, oeconomie, antiquiteter etc. Jemte nödige figurer. Stockholm (Tryckt hos Lars Salvius på des egen kostnad) 1746. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Wästgötha Resa*. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1746, p. \[i-viii\], \[1\]-304, \[1\]-14. *Copy*: NY. *Other ed*.: "Redigerad av Claes Krantz illustrerad av Gunnar Brusewitz." Wählström & Widstrand Stockholm 1960, p. \[1\]-265. *Copies*: G, NY. ##### n.3493. En resa til Nona America **Title** *En resa til Nona America*, på Kongl. Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens befallning, och publici kostnad... Stockholm (Tryckt på Lars Salvii Kostnad) 1753-1761, 3 vols. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Resa N. Amer.* **Notes** *Orig. ed.*: *1*: 1-2 Sep 1753 (Lärda Tidn. 1753 (65): 257 \[3 Sep 1753\], review pp. 257-266), p. \[i-xxiv\], \[1\]-484, \[1-20\]. *2*: 1-8 Sep 1756 (Lärda Tidn. 1756(7): 288 \[9 Sep 1756\], review pp. 288-312), p. \[i\], \[1\]-526, \[1-22\]. *3*: 1-12 Aug 1761 (Lärda Tidn. 1761(63): 253 \[13 Aug 1761\], review pp. 253-258), \[i\], \[1\]-538, \[1-14\], *1 pl*. *Copies*: MO, NY. – We are grateful to Dr. B. Peterson for ascertaining the above dates. Original diaries in Helsinki: Univ. Libr. *German ed*.: "Des Herren Peter Kalms... *Beschreibung der Reise* die er *nach dem nördlichen Amerika* auf den Befehl gedachter Akademie und öffentliche Kosten unternommen hat ..." Göttingen (im Verlag der Wittwe Abrams Vandenhoek) 1754-1764, 3 vols. Oct. (*Reise n. Amer.*). *1*: 1754, (p. \[xx\]: 13 Jul 1753), p. \[i-xx\], \[1\]-568, *pl. 1-4* (uncol. engr.). *2*: 1757, p. \[i-iv\], \[1\]-592, *pl. 1-2* (id.). *3*: 1764, p. \[i-viii\], \[1\]-648, *1 pl*. (id.). *Copies*: HH(2), NY, US. – Translation by Johann Philipp Murray (1, 2), and Johan Andrews Murray (3). *German ed*. \[2\]: "*Reise nach dem nördlichen Amerika*..." Leipzig 1754. Oct., 40, 648 p., *4 pl*. Translation by Carl Ernst Klein. (Deals with first part only) (n.v.). *Swedish ed*. \[2\]: in Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Litteratursällskapet i Finland: 1 as vol. 66 (Helsinki 1904), 2 as vol. 93 (ib. 1910), 3 as vol. 120 (ib. 1915), 4 (from diary) as vol. 120 (ib. 1929). Complete ed. of diary 1, in vol. 419 (ib. 1966), to be ctd. *English ed*.\[*1*\]: "*Travels into North America*; containing its natural history, and a circumstantial account of its plantations and agriculture in general, with the civil, ecclesiastical and commercial state of the country, the manners of the inhabitants, and several curious and important remarks on various subjects... translated into English by John Reinhold Forster, F.A.S. Enriched with a map, several cuts for the illustration of natural history, and some additional notes... \[1:\] Waarington (printed by William Eyres), \[2, 3:\] London (printed for the editor; and sold by T. Lowndes,...) 1770-1771, 3 vols. (*Trav. N. Amer.*) Oct. *Copy*: NY. *1*: 1770 (p. iv: 25 Jul 1770), p. \[i\]-xvi, \[xvii-xxiv\], \[1\]-400, *pl. I.* *2*: 1771, p. \[1\]-352, *3 pl*. *3*: 1771, map, p. \[i\]-viii (dated 15 Feb 1771), \[1\]-310, \[1-14, ind.\]. *English ed*. \[*2*\]: the above translation: "the second edition. In two volumes," London (printed for T. Lowndes,...) 1772, 2 vols. Oct. *Copy*: NY. *1*: \[i\]-xii, \[1\]-414, *5 pl*. (uncol.). *2*: map, \[i\]-iv, \[1\]-423, \[1-8, index\]. *English ed*. \[*3*\]: "*Kalm's account of his visit to England* on his visit to America in 1748. Translated by Joseph Lucas. With two maps, and several illustrations." London (Macmillan and Co.) and New York 1892. *Publ*.: 1892 (p. xvi: 4 Dec 1891), p. \[i\]-xvi, \[1\]-480. *Copy*: L. *English ed*. \[*4*\]: "The America of 1750 *Peter Kalm's travels in North America* the English version of 1770 revised from the original Swedish and edited by Adolph B. Benson... with a translation of new material from Kalm's diary notes." New York (Wilson-Erickson inc.), 1937, 2 vols. *1*: front., p. \[i\]-xviii, \[xix\], 1-380, 18 ill. *2*: \[i, iii\], 381-797, 1 map. *Copies*: HH, MO, US. *Reprint*; 1966, New York (Dover Publications, Inc.), pagination same, minor changes in illustrations. *Copy*: NY. *Dutched*.: "*Reis door Noord Amerika*, gedaan door den Heer Peter Kalm,..." te Utrecht (by J. van Schoonhoven en Comp. en G. van den Brink Janz.) 1772, 2 vols. Qu. (*Reis N. Amer.*). *1*: frontisp., \[i-xii\], map, 1-223, *3 pl*. *2*: frontisp., \[i-vi\], 1-240, \[1-8\], *1 pl*. *Copy*: U. *French ed*. \[*1*\]: "*Histoire et politique de la Pensylvanie*, et de l'établissement des Quakers dans cette contrée." \[Translated from the German by Jacques Ronsselot de Surgy\] Paris (Chez Ganeau, libraire,...) 1768. Duod. (*Hist. nat. Pens.*), p. \[i\]-xx, map, \[1\]-372, \[1-4, approb.\]. *Copies*: HH, NY. – Gottlieb Mittelberger is mentioned as co-author in the preface. *French ed*. \[*2*\]: "*Voyage de Kalm en Amérique* analysé et traduit par L. W. Marchand..." Montréal (Imprimé par T. Berthiaume,...) 1880, Mém. Soc. hist. Montréal livr. 8, 256 p. *Copy*: HH. For further details and for additional, partial translations and recent editions see Collander et al. and Saelan. *Ref*.: HU 616 \[1770-1771 English translation\]; IDC 1000. - Kerkkonen, M., Peter Kalm's North American Journey. Helsinki 1959. - Archer, Huntia 1: 204-209. 1964. - Collander, R., et al., Bibl. bot. fenn. 226. 1973 (recent lit. on and new editions of *Resa*). ##### n.3494. Florae fennicae **Title** D.D. *Florae fennicae*, pars prior, quam consensu ampliss. facult. philos. in Reg. Acad. Aboëns., praeside Petro Kalm,... publico examini submittit Wilhelmus Graulund, ostrobotnensis, in audit. maj. die viii. octobr. mdcclxv, h.a.m.s. Aboe (impressit Joh. Christoph. Frenckell) s.d. \[1765\]. † Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Fl. fenn.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 5 Oct 1765, p. \[i-iv\], \[1\]-10. *Copies*: H, NY. ##### n.3495. Genera **Title** D.D. *Genera* compendiosa nobiliss. von Linne *plantarum fennicarum*, quorum partem primam, cons. ampliss. facult. phil. aboëns. praeside d: no Petra Kalm,... publico examini defert Johannes Hellenius alumn. reg. satagundensis in audit. superiori die xxvii. aprilis an. mdcclxxi. Horis antemeridianis. Aboae \[Abo, Türkü\] (impressit Johan. Christoph. Frenckell) s.d. 1771. Oct. †. **Abbreviated title**: *Gen pl. fenn.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 27 Apr 1771, p. \[1\]-32. *Copy*: NY. – We follow Krok and Saelan in listing this as a text written by Kalm even though Hellenius later became a profilic botanical author himself. Based on Linnaeus, Syst. nat. ed. 10.