> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 426](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33266733) of TL-2 Suppl. III > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/1424-1) LSID 1424-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713674) QID Q713674 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] > [!example] See also [[Carruthers, William|first entry]] for this author ### Author \* Carruthers, William (1830-1922), British botanist and palaeobiologist, born at Moffat, Dumfriesshire, educated at the Moffat Academy, entered New College, Edinburgh 1854, studied natural sciences, assistant at the Departement of Botany of the British Museum August 1859, keeper id. 1871-1895, president of the Linnean Society 1886-1890, Fellow of the Royal Society 1871, PH.D. Uppsala 1907. **Abbreviated name**: *Carruthers* \[standard form in IPNI: *Carruth.*\] #### Herbarium and types [[Collection BM|BM]]. #### Bibliography and biography Andrews ed. 2: 244-245; Backer p. 105-106; Barnhart 1: 316 (b. 29 Mai 1830, Moffat, d. 2 Jun 1922, Norwood); BB p. 60; BL 1: 40, 289; BM 1: 320, 6: 188 (q.v. sic); Bossert p. 66; CSP 1: 801, 7: 339, 9: 454, 12: 144, 14: 81-82; Desmond p. 120; De Toni 1: xviii, xix, lii, 4: x; Ewan ed. 2: 37; Hortus 3: 1190; IF p. 685, IH 2: 117; Jackson p. 530 (index); Kew 1: 485; KR p. 115; LS 4703-4719, 31.906-31.921, 41.096; Morren ed. 2, p. 24, ed. 10, p. 70; MW p. 70; NW p. 42; PR p. 57; Quenstedt p. 74; SBC p. 117; TL-2/1: 460-461, and see indexes; Zander ed. 10, p. 643, ed. 11, p. 732. #### Biofile - Anon., Flora 52(21): 331. 1869 (Wollaston Preis); Bot. Zeit. 29(45): 780. 1871 (appt. curator Botany BM); Geol. mag. ser. 2. 9: 193-199. 1912 (portr., bibl.); Bot. Not. 1922: 287 (d.); Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1922/23: 38-48. 1923. - Britten, J., J. Bot. 33: 182-185. 1895 (retirement), 34: 96. 1896, 60: 216, 249-256. 1922. - De Toni, G.B., Atti R. Ist. Veneto sci. lett. art. 81(1): 170.171. 1922. - Dolezal, H., Friedrich Welwitsch, 71, 97, 99, 101, 194. 1974. - Druce, G.C., Bot. Exch. Club Rep. 6(5): 697-698. 1923. - Elwes, H.J., Bot. Exch. Club Rep. 6(5): 699-702. 1923 (obit.). - Gunther, A.E., The founders of science at the British Museum ix, 219 p., 1980 (see index). - Murray, G., Hist. Coll. Nat. Hist. Depts. Brit. Mus. 1: 139. 1904. - Rendle, A.B., Proc. roy. Soc. London ser. B. 97: vi-viii. 1925 (obit.). - Reynolds Green, J., Hist. bot. 512. 1909. - Rogers, C.C., J. roy. Agric. Soc. England 70: 1-12. 1909. - Seward, A.C., Quart. J. Geol. Soc. London 79: lviii-lix. 1923. - Smith, W.G., Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 28: 118-121. 1923 (biogr., b. Moffat 29 Mai 1830, d. 2 June 1922). - Stearn, W.T., Nat. Hist. Mus. S. Kensington 398-399. 1981 (numerous entries). - Sutton, S.B., Charles Sprague Sargent 133. 1970. - Tilden, J.E., Minnesota Bot. Stud., Bot. Ser. 2: 315. 1898. - Ward, Ann. Rev. U.S. geol. Surv. 5. 384-385. 1885. - Woodward, H.B., The History of the Geological Society of London 167. 1907. #### Composite works - (1) John E. Gray, *Handbook of British water-weeds or Algae* p. iv, 123, London 1864 "Diatomaceae" by W. Carruthers, p. 75-116. - (2) R.I. Murchison, *Siluria*. p. xv, 523, *37 pl*. London ed. 4. 1867, "*On Graptolites*" by W. Carruthers. - (3) R.F. Burton and C.F.T. Drake, *Unexplored Syria*: visits to the Libanus,... vol. 2, App. III, *Lebanon plants* by W. Carruthers. - (4) B.C. Seemann, *Flora vitiensis*, 1865-1873. TL-2/11.613, q.v. *Ferns* by W. Carruthers. - (5) E.M. Plumtree, *The bible educator* 1873-1875, *Botany of the Bible* by W. Carruthers. - (6) F. Dixon, The geology of Sussex, ed. 2. 1878, *Description of Tertiary Plant-remains from Bracklesham and Worthing, Sussex*... by W. Carruthers. - (7) *Annals and Magazine of Natural History* ser. v, 1878 by W. Carruthers. - (8) H.O. Forbes, *A naturalist's wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago*, Appendix VI, *Prodromus florae Timorensis* 1885 by W. Carruthers. - (9) British Museum, Nat. Hist., *Catalogue of the African plants collected* by F. Welwitsch (TL-2/2747), *Vascular Cryptogams*, vol. 2(2): 261-279. 1901, by W. Carruthers. - (10) *Report of the Committee*, consisting of Messrs. Carruthers, W.F.R. Weldon, J.G. Baker, G.M. Murray and W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, appointed for the purpose of *exploring the flora of the Bahamas*... Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 58: 361-363. 1889. – See Rehder 1: 337 and I. Urban, Symb. ant. 1: 135-136. 1898. - (11) *On the original portraits of Linnaeus*, Proc. Linn. Soc. London 118: 59-69, *pl. 1-8.* Oct 1906. – See also KR p. 115. - (12) See also BM 1: 320: 9 titles with other botanists. ### Publications ##### n.24.878. Oaks **Title** On some species of *Oaks* from *Northern China*, collected by W.F. Daniell... From the Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society... \[1861\]. Oct. **Notes** *Collector*: W.F. Daniell (1818-1865), see IH 2: 151. *Publ*.: 1 Nov 1861, p. \[1\]-2. *Copy*: G. – Reprinted and to be cited from J. Proc. Linn. Soc. 6: 32-33. 1861. ##### n.24.879. Araucarian cones **Title** On *Araucarian cones* from the secondary beds of Britain... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1866. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jun 1866 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-4, *pl. 11* (uncol. lith.). *Copies*: B, HH. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 3(24): 249-252, *pl. 11.* 1866. ##### n.24.880. gymnospermatous fruits from the secondary rocks of Britain **Title** On *gymnospermatous fruits from the secondary rocks of Britain*... Reprinted from the "Journal of Botany"... 1867. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jan 1867 (in journal), p. \[1, added t.p.\] – 23 *pl. 57-59* (uncol. liths.). *Copy*: B. Reprinted and to be cited from J. Bot. 5(1): 1-21. 1867. ##### n.24.881. British fossil Pandaneae **Title** *British fossil Pandaneae*... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1868. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Apr 1868 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-4, *pl. 9.* *Copies*: B, G, HH. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 5(4): 153-156. 1868. ##### n.24.882. coniferous fruits **Title** On some undescribed *coniferous fruits* from the secondary rocks of Britain... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1869. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jan 1869 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-8, *pl. 1-2* (uncol. liths.). *Copy*: G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 6(1): 1-7 \[sic\], *pl. 1-2*.. 1869. ##### n.24.883. structure and affinities of Sigillaria **Title** On the *structure and affinities of Sigillaria* and allied genera... Procceedings of the Geological Society \[of Great Britain\] 1869. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Aug 1869 (in journal, read 24 Mar 1869), title recto of p. 248, p. 248-254, *pl. 10.* *Copies*: B, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Quart. J. Geol. Soc. \[of Great Britain\] 15: 248-254, *pl. 10.* 1869. – See also Phil. Mag. 38: 402. 1869. ##### n.24.884. Beania **Title** On *Beania*, a new genus of Cycadean fruit, from the Yorkshire Oolites... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1869. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Mar 1869 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-2, *pl. 4.* *Copies*: G, HH. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 6(3): 97-99, *pl. 4.* 1869. – *Beania*, see ING 1: 186. 1979. ##### n.24.885. stems **Title** On the structure of the *stems* of the *arborescent Lycopodiaceae* of the *Coal-measures *... Monthly microscopical Journal 1869-1872. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: *1*: 1 Mai 1869 (date on p. 177), cover (identif.), *pl. 27* (uncol. lith.), p. 177-181. 1869. *Copy*: G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Monthly microsc. J. 2: 177-181, *pl. 27.* 1869. *2* \[*1*\]: 1 Nov 1869 (date on p. 225), cover (identif.), *pl. 31* (uncol. lith.), p. 225-227. *Copy*: G. – Id. 2: 225-227, *pl. 31.* 1869. *3*: 1 Mar 1870 (in journal), p. 144-154, *pl. 43-44* (uncol. liths.). *Copy*: BR. – Id. 3: 144-154, *pl. 43-44.* 1870. *4* \[*3*\]: 3 Jan 1872 (date on p. 50), p. 50-54, *pl. 7-8* (uncol. liths.). *Copies*: BR, G. – Id. 7: 50-54, *pl. 7-8.* 1872. ##### n.24.886. cryptogamic forests **Title** The *cryptogamic forests* of the Coal Period... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1869. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jul 1869 (date on p. \[1\]), cover-t.p., *1 pl*. (uncol.), p. \[1\]-12. *Copies*: BR, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 6(7): 289-300, *1 pl*. 1869. – The copy in BR is taken from "Royal Institution of Great Britain", read 16 Apr 1869. ##### n.24.887. fossil Cycadean stems **Title** On *fossil Cycadean stems* from the secondary rocks of Britain... Extracted from the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London... \[1870\]. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 21 Mai 1870 (fide S. Raphael, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 2: 76. 1970), cover-t.p., p. \[675\]-708, *pl. 54-63* (uncol. liths.). *Copies*: G, L. – Reprinted and to be cited from Trans. Linn. Soc. London 26(4): 675-708, *pl. 54-63.* 1870. ##### n.24.888. petrified forest near Cairo **Title** On the *petrified forest near Cairo*... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... (Published by Trübner & Co.... London, E.C.) 1870. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jul 1870 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-4, *pl. 14* (uncol. lith.). *Copy*: B. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 7: 316-318, *pl. 14.* 1870. ##### n.24.889. structure **Title** On the *structure* of a *fern-stem* from the Lower Eocene of Herne Bay, and its allies, recent and fossil... From the Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society... 1870. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Aug 1870 (date on p. \[i\], read 9 Mar 1870), p. \[i\], \[349\]-354, *pl. 24-25* (uncol. liths.). *Copies*: BR, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 26: 349-354, *pl. 24-25.* 1870. – See also Phil. Mag. 40: 225-226. 1870. ##### n.24.890. supposed vegetable fossils **Title** On some *supposed vegetable fossils*... from the Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society 1871. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Nov 1871 (date on p. \[443\], read 21 Jun 1871), p. \[443\]-449, *pl. 19* (uncol. lith.). *Copies*: BR, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 27: 443-448 \[sic\], *pl. 19.* 1871. ##### n.24.891. undescribed coniferous fruits **Title** On two *undescribed coniferous fruits* from the secondary rocks of Britain... \[London 1871\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1871, p. \[1\]-6, *1 pl. Copy*: HH. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 8: 540-544. 1871. ##### n.24.892. Notes **Title** *Notes* on some *fossil plants*... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1872. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Feb 1872 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-11, *pl. 2* (uncol. lith.). *Copy*: BR. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 9(2): 49-59. 1872. ##### n.24.893. fossil plants from Queensland **Title** Notes on *fossil plants from Queensland*, Australia... From the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society... 1872. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Aug 1872 (date on p. \[1\], read 24 Apr 1872), p. \[1\]-8, *pl. 26-27* (uncol. liths. by D. Blair). *Copies*: BR, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Quart. J. Geol. Soc. 28: 350-360, *pl. 26-27.* 1872. ##### n.24.894. Prototaxites Logani **Title** On the history, histological structure, and affinities of Nematophycus Logani, Carr. (*Prototaxites Logani* Dawson)... Reprinted from the Monthly microscopical Journal: Transactions of The Royal microscopical Society, and record of histological research at home and abroad... \[London (Printed by William Clowes & Sons,...) 1872\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1872, cover (identif.), p. 160-172, *pl. 31-32* (uncol. liths.). *Copies*: B, BR. – Reprinted and to be cited from Monthly microsc. J. 8: 160-172, *pl. 31-32.* 1872. ##### n.24.895. Halonia **Title** On *Halonia* of Lindley and Hutton and Cyclocladia of Goldenberg... Extracted from the Geological Magazine... 1873. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Apr 1873 (date on p. \[1\]), p. \[1\]-8, *pl. 7* (uncol. lith.). *Copy*: BR. – Reprinted and to be cited from Geol. Mag. 10(4). 1873 (n.v.). ##### n.24.896. Lycopodiaceous plants **Title** On some *Lycopodiaceous plants* from the old red sandstone of the North of Scotland ... Extracted from the "Journal of Botany"... 1873. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Nov 1873 (date on p. \[i\]), p. \[i\]-vii, *pl. 137* (uncol. lith.). *Copy*: BR. – Reprinted and to be cited from J. Bot. 11: 321-327, *pl. 137.* 1873. ##### n.24.897. Fossil plants and their testimony **Title** *Fossil plants and their testimony* in reference to the doctrine of evolution. Being two presidential addresses delivered to the Geologists' Association at the opening of Sessions 1875-6 and 1876-7, on November 5th, 1875 and November 3rd, 1876... Reprinted from the Proceedings of the Geologists' Association... 1877. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jan 1877 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[i, contents\], 1-16, 17-35. *Copies*: B, G. – Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Geol. Assoc. 5(1): 1-16. Jan 1877, 5(2): 17-35. 1878. – First address: *On Fossil plants*, delivered 5 Nov 1875. – Second address: *On the testimony of fossil botany to the doctrine of evolution*, delivered 3 Nov 1876. *Ref*.: Anon., J. Bot. ser. 2. 6: 256-257. Sep 1917 (brief rev.). ##### n.24.898. Address **Title** *Address* delivered at the *anniversary meeting* of the Linnean Society of London on the 24th May *1889*... 1890. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1890, p. \[1\]-21. *Copy*: HH. – Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Linn. Soc. 1888/1889: 12-31. 1890. *Id*.: 1891 (on the 24th of May 1890), p. \[1\]-13. *Copy*: HH. – Id. 1889/1890: 78-89. 1891. ##### n.24.899. Amendments to the Paris Code of botanical Nomenclature **Title** *Amendments to the Paris Code of botanical Nomenclature* suggested for consideration of the Vienna Congress of 1905 by the botanists of the British Museum, and others... \[London 1905\]. Oct. (format). **Abbreviated title**: *Amendm. Paris Code bot. Nom.* **Notes** *Authorship*: William Carruthers, George Murray, James Britten, Antony Gepp, E.G. Baker, A.B. Rendle, B. Daydon Jackson, W.P. Hiern, Spencer le M. Moore, \[in handwriting added: Daniel Oliver\]. *Publ*.: Jan-Jun 1905, p. \[1\]-3. *Copy*: FAS(B).