> [!cite] BHL link: this entry starts at [page 397](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33265594) of TL-2 Suppl. II > Author links: [IPNI](https://www.ipni.org/a/1044-1) LSID 1044-1, [Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q571615) QID Q571615 > Support pages: [[Abbreviations|abbreviations]], [[Layout key|layout key]], [[Cite TL-2|cite TL-2]] > [!example] See also [[Bower, Frederick Orpen|first entry]] for this author ### Author \* Bower, Frederick Orpen (1855-1948), British botanist (palaeobotanist), born in Ripon, Yorkshire, studied at the University of Cambrige 1874, Dr. phil. bot. 1877, with J. Sachs in Würzburg 1877, id. with de Bary in Strasbourg 1879, teaching at South Kensington, London and working at Kew 1880-1885, professor of botany at the University of Glasgow (regius chair) 1885 and dedicating himself to comparative morphology, retired 1925. **Abbreviated name**: *Bower* \[standard form in IPNI: *Bower*\] #### Herbarium and types [[Collection GL|GL]] (incl. palaeontology material); further material at [[Collection GALW|GALW]], [[Collection MICH|MICH]] (200 Lich.), [[Collection NMW|NMW]], [[Collection NY|NY]]. − *Manuscripts*: Glasgow University Archives (NRA 18.906). − 8 letters to Leonhard Cockayne 1911-1917, letter to John Lowe at [[Collection HU|HU]]. #### Bibliography and biography Barnhart 1: 233 (b. 4 Nov 1855, d. 11 Apr 1948); BFM 2263a; BJI 1: 6, 2: 17; BM 1: 218, 6: 118; Bossert p. 48; CSP 13: 750; Desmond p. 80 (further refs.); DNB 1941-1950: 94-95; DSB 2: 370-372 (bibl.); Hortus 3: 1189; IF p. 683; IH 2: 90; Kew 1: 328-329; Lenley p. 46; LS suppl. 3442; Moebius p. 127; Morren ed. 10, p. 71; MW p. 51; Plesch p. 154-155; Rehder 5(index): 112; TL-2/1: 297 and see indexes; Tucker 1: 103. #### Biofile - Allan, M., The Hookers of Kew 230, 239. 1967. - Allen, D.E., The Victorian fern craze 66. 1969; The naturalist in Britain 184. 1976. - Anon., Bot. Zeit. 43: 349. 1885 (appt. Glasgow, succeeds J.B. Balfour); Gard. Chron. 48: - 374. 1910 (portr.). - Barnhart, J.H., J. New York Bot. Gard. 12: 120. 1911 (studied at NY summer 1909). - Bergdolt, E., Karl von Goebel ed. 2. 259 \[index\]. 1940 (10 entries). - Boney, A.D., B.S.E. News 36: 2-3. 1982; The Linnean 1(6): 19-26. 1985 (on B. and the chair at Glasgow; important documentation). - Bower, F.O., Sixty years of botany in Britain, London xi, 112 p. 1938 (see also review J. New York Bot. Gard. 40(471): 74-75. 1939 and A.W.H., Kew Bull. 1938(5): 215-217). - Bridson, G.D.R. et al., Nat. hist. mss. res. Brit. Isl. 162.1. 1980. - Fletcher, H.R., Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 172, 176, 198, 215, 231. 1970. - Gager, C.S., Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 27(3): 244. 1938 (dir. Bot. Gard. Glasgow 1885-1921). - Harvey Gibson, R.J., Outlines hist. bot. 143-147, 150-154, 156, 167, 169, 171. 1914. - Hedge, I. and M. Lamond, Index coll. Edinburgh 63. 1970 (coll.). - Huxley, L., Life letters J.D. Hooker 2: 524 \[index\]. 1918. - Kent, D.H., British Herbaria 44. 1957. - Kent, D.H. and D.E. Allen, Brit. Irish herb. 99. 1984. - Lang, W.H., Obit. not. Fellows Roy. Soc. 6: 347-374. 1949 (portr., bibl.). - Mägdefrau, K., Gesch. Bot. 132f, 137, 173, 207, 252, 274, *fig. 70.* 1973. - Morton, A.G., Hist. bot. Sci. 440-441. 1981. - Reynolds Green, J., Hist. bot. 510. 1909. - Scott, D.H., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 1909: 32-34 (Linn. medal). - Walters, S.M., The shaping of Cambridge botany 71, 89, 91. 1981. - Williams, S., Ber. deut. bot. Ges. 68a: 217-220. 1926 (obit.). #### Note - (1) TL-2/693, *Ferns* received at K as follows: 1: 27 Jun 1923, 2: 22 Oct 1926, 3: 22 Sep 1928 (inf. R.E.G. Pichi-Sermolli). - (2) TL-2/694, *Primitive land plants*... 1935, facsimile ed. by Hafner Publ. Co. 1959. - (3) See A. de Bary, *Vergl. Anat. Veg.-Org.* 1877; English translation by F.O. Bower. ### Publications ##### n.22.445. On the comparative morphology of the leaf in the vascular cryptogams and gym- nosperms **Title** *On the comparative morphology of the leaf in the vascular cryptogams and gymnosperms*... \[Philosophical Transactions... 1884\]. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1884 (read 29 Mai 1884), p. 565-615, *pl. 37-40* (uncol. liths.). *Copy*: G. − Reprinted and to be cited from Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. 175: 565-615, *pl. 37-40.* 1884. *Abstract*: 1884 (rd. 13 Mai 1884), p. \[61\]-65. *Copy*: B. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 36: 61-65. 1884. ##### n.22.446. On the structure of the stem of Rynchopetalum montanum **Title** *On the structure of the stem of Rynchopetalum montanum* (Fresen.)... Extracted from the Linnaean Society's Journal – Bot. \[1884\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 26 Apr 1884 (in journal, read 20 Dec 1883), p. \[440\]-446, *pl. 36-38* (monochr. liths.). *Copy*: B. − Reprinted and to be cited from J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 20: 440-446. 1884 ##### n.22.447. On the limits of the use of the terms "Phyllome" and "Caulome" **Title** *On the limits of the use of the terms "Phyllome" and "Caulome"*. A suggestion... Annals of Botany... 1887. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Nov 1887 (in journal), p. \[133\]-146. *Copy*: G. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 1(2): 133-146. 1887. ##### n.22.448. The comparative examination of the meristems of ferns **Title** *The comparative examination of the meristems of ferns*, as a phylogenetic study... Annals of Botany... 1889. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Aug 1889 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Nov (1) 1889), p. \[305\]-392, *pl. 20-24* (uncol. liths.). *Copy*: B. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 3(11): 305-392, *pl. 20-24.* 1889. ##### n.22.449. Preliminary statement on the Lycopodinae and Ophioglossaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. − *Preliminary statement on the Lycopodinae and Ophioglossaceae*... From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1891\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1891 (Bot. Zeit. 29 Jul 1892), cover-t.p., p. \[265\]-273. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 50: 265-273. 1891. ##### n.22.450. Preliminary statement on the Equisetaceae and Psilotaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. − *Preliminary statement on the Equisetaceae and Psilotaceae*... From the Proceedings of the Royal Society.... \[1893\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1893 (read 30 Jan 1893), cover-t.p., p. \[19\]-22. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 53: 19-22. 1893. ##### n.22.451. Equisetinae and Lycopodineae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. Part I. − *Equisetinae and Lycopodineae*... \[*Abstract*\]. From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1893\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 15 Jun 1893 (in journal,read 9 Jun 1893, *abstract*), cover-t.p., p. \[172\]-176. *Copy*: L. – Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 54: 172-176. 1893. ##### n.22.452. On the structure of the axis of Lepidostrobus Brownii **Title** *On the structure of the axis of Lepidostrobus Brownii*, Schpr.,... Annals of Botany ... 1893. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Sep 1893 (in journal), p. \[329\]-354, *pl. 16-17* (uncol. liths). *Copy*: B. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 7(27): 329-354, *pl. 16-17.* 1893. ##### n.22.453. Equisitinae and Lycopodi- neae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. *Equisitinae and Lycopodineae*... London (Published by Dulau & Co.,...) 1894. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 21 Sep 1894 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Oct (1) 1894), p. \[473\]-572, *pl. 42-52* (uncol. liths. auct.). *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B-185: 473-572, *pl. 42-53.* 1894. ##### n.22.454. theory of the strobilus **Title** A *theory of the strobilus* in Archegoniate plants... Annals of Botany... 1894. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Sep 1894 (date on p. \[343\]), p. \[343\]-365. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 8(31): 343-365. 1894. ##### n.22.455. Ophioglossaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. Part II. *Ophioglossaceae*... \[*Abstract*\]. From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1895\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1895, cover-t.p., p. \[137\]-141. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 59: 137-141. 1895. ##### n.22.456. Ophioglossaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. II. *Ophioglossaceae*... London (published by Dulau and Co.,...) 1896. Qu. **Abbreviated title**: *Ophioglossaceae*. **Notes** *Publ*.: Oct-Nov 1896 (postscript on p. \[87\] dated Oct 1896; Bot. Zeit. 1 Dec 1896, rd. by Flora 22 Feb 1897), cover-t.p., p. \[i-iii\], \[1\]-86, \[87\], *pl. 1-9* (uncol. liths. auct.). *Copies*: L, U. − Not published in any periodical. *Ref*.: Karsten, H., Bot. Zeit. 55(II): 120-121. 16 Apr 1897 (rev.). ##### n.22.457. Marattiaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. Part III. *Marattiaceae* \[*Abstract*\]. From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1897\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1897 (read 17 Jun 1897), p. \[26\]-28. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 62: 26-28. 1897. ##### n.22.458. Marattiaceae **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. − III. *Marattiaceae*... \[Philos. Trans. 1897\]. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 17 Dec 1897 (date of printing \[or issue\] on p. 35), p. \[35\]-81, *pl. 7-11* (uncol. liths. auct.). *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B-189: 35-81. 1897. *Ref*.: Karsten, H., Bot. Zeit. 56(II): 105-106. 1 Apr 1898 (rev.). ##### n.22.459. Leptospor- angiate ferns **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members \[Part\] IV. The *Leptosporangiate ferns*... \[*Abstract*\]. From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1899\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1899 (read 20 Apr 1899), p. \[96\]-99. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 65: 96-99. 1899. ##### n.22.460. Leptosporangiate ferns **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. − IV. The *Leptosporangiate ferns*... London (published for the Royal Society by Dulau and Co.,...) 1899. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 27 Nov 1899 (date on cover-t.p.; Nat. Nov. Dec (2) 1899), cover-t.p., p. 29-138, *pl. 2-7* (uncol. liths. auct.). *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B-192: 29-138, *pl. 2-7.* 1899. *Ref*.: Solms-Laubach, H., Bot. Zeit. 58(II): 40-41. 1 Feb 1900 (rev.). ##### n.22.461. Imperfect sporangia in certain Pteridophytes **Title** *Imperfect sporangia in certain Pteridophytes*. Are they vestigial?... Annals of Botany ... 1901. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jun 1901 (in journal), p. \[225\]-267. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 15(58): 225-267. 1901. ##### n.22.462. General compa- risons, and conclusions **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. No. V. − *General comparisons, and conclusions* \[*Abstract*\]... From the Proceedings of the Royal Society... \[1903\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1903 (presumably before major publ. 6 Nov 1903, below), cover-t.p., p. \[258\]-264. *Copies*: B, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. 71: 258-264. 1903. ##### n.22.463. General comparisons, and conclusions **Title** Studies in the morphology of spore-producing members. No. V. – *General comparisons, and conclusions*... London (Published for the Royal Society by Dulau & Co.,...) 1903. Qu. **Notes** *Publ*.: 6 Nov 1903 (date on cover-t.p.; Nat. Nov. Dec (2) 1903), p. 191-257. *Copies*: G, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B-196: 191-257. 1903. *Ref*.: Solms-Laubach, H., Bot. Zeit. 62(II): 145-147. 16 Mai 1904 (rev.). ##### n.22.464. Ophioglossum simplex **Title** *Ophioglossum simplex*, Ridley... Annals of Botany... 1904. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Apr 1904 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Jun (1) 1904), p. \[205\]-216, *pl. 15.* *Copies*: G, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 18(70): 205-216, *pl. 15.* 1904. ##### n.22.465. Studies in the phylogeny of the Filicales **Title** *Studies in the phylogeny of the Filicales* I. *Plagiogyria*... Annals of Botany... 1910 \[-1923\]. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: *1*: Apr 1910 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[423\]-450, *pl. 32-33* (uncol. liths.). *Copies*: B, G, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 24(94): 423-450, *pl. 32-33.* 1910. *2*: Apr 1912 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Jun (1) 1912), cover-t.p., p. \[269\]-323, *pl. 30-36* (id.). *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 26(102): 269-323, *pl. 30-36.* 1912. − "II. *Lophosoria*, and its relation to the Cyatheoideae and other ferns". *3*: Jul 1913 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[443\]-477, *pl. 32-34* (id.). *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 27(107): 443-477, *pl. 32-34.* 1913. − "III. On *Metaxya* and certain other relatively primitive ferns". *4*: Jul 1914 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Aug/Sep 1914), cover-t.p., p. \[363\]-431, *pl. 22-32* (id.). *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 28(111): 363-431, *pl. 22-32.* 1914. − "IV. *Blechnum* and allied genera". *5*: Oct 1915 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[495\]-529, *pl. 24-25* (id.). *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 29(116): 495-529. 1915. − "V. *Cheiropleuria bicuspis* (Bl.) Presl, and certain other related ferns". *6*: Jan 1916 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-39, *pl. 1-2* (id.). *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 31(121): 1-39, *pl. 1-2.* 1916. − "VI. *Ferns showing the 'Acrostichoid' condition*, with special reference to dipterid derivatives" − Review by Agnes Arber, Bot. Centralbl. 135: 393-394. 18 Dec 1917. *7*: Jan 1918 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-68. *Copies*: B, L(2). − Id. 32(125): 1-68. 1918. − "VII. *The Pteroideae*". *8*: Jul 1923 (in journal), cover-t.p., p. \[349\]-354. *Copies*: L(2). − Id. 37(147): 349-354. 1923. − "VIII. *On Loxsoma and Loxsomopsis*". ##### n.22.466. Notes on the morphology of Ophioglossum **Title** *Notes on the morphology of Ophioglossum* (Cheiroglossa) *palmatum*, L.... Annals of Botany... 1911. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Apr 1911 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Mai (1) 1911), cover-t.p., p. \[277\]-298, *pl. 22-24 *(uncol. liths.). *Copies*: B, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 25(98): 277-298, *pl. 22-24.* 1911. ##### n.22.467. On the primary xylem **Title** *On the primary xylem*, and the origin of medullation in the Ophioglossaceae... Annals of Botany... 1911. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jul 1911 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Aug (2) 1911), cover-t.p., p. \[537\]-553, *pl. 45-46* (uncol. phot.). *Copies*: B, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 25(99): 537-553, *pl. 45-46.* 1911. ##### n.22.468. On medullation on the Pteridophyta **Title** *On medullation on the Pteridophyta*... Annals of Botany... 1911. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: Jul 1911 (in journal; Nat. Nov. Aug (2) 1911), cover-t.p., p. \[555\]-574, *pl. 47* (uncol. phot.). *Copies*: B, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Ann. Bot. 25(99): 555-574, *pl. 47.* 1911. ##### n.22.469. On leaf-architecture **Title** *On leaf-architecture* as illuminated by a study of Pteridophyta... Edinburgh (Published by Robert Grant & Son,...) 1916. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 8 Nov 1916 (date of issue of reprint on p. 657), cover-t.p., p. \[657\]-708, *pl. 51* (uncol. phot.). *Copies*: BKL, L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 51(3)(21): 657-708, *pl. 51.* 1916. ##### n.22.470. Botany **Title** *Botany* of the *living plant*... London (Macmillan and Co....) 1919. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Bot. liv. pl.* **Notes** *Publ*.: *Ed. 1*: 1919 (p. viii: Feb 1919), p. \[i\]-x, \[1\]-580. *Copy*: BR. *Ed. 2*: 1923, n.v. *Ed. 3*: 1939 (assisted by J.M.F. Drummond and George Bond), n.v.. *Ed. 4*: 1947 (by C.W. Wardlaw), p. \[iii\], frontisp., p. \[v\]-xii, \[1\]-699, \[701 printer's mark\]. *Copies*: BR, U. ##### n.22.471. The earliest known land flora **Title** *The earliest known land flora*... Royal Institution of Great Britain... \[London (printed by William Clowes and Sons,...)\] 1920. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Earl. land fl.* **Notes** *Publ*.: Mai 1920 (read 30 Apr 1920), p. \[1\]-10, *4 phot*. *Copy*: B. ##### n.22.472. Size, a neglected factor in stelar morphology **Title** *Size, a neglected factor in stelar morphology*... Edinburgh (Published by Robert Grant & Son,...) 1921 \[1920\]. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Size, in stelar morph.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 30 Dec 1920 (date on p. 25), cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-25. *Copy*: L. − Preprinted from Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 41(1)(1): 1-25. 1921. ##### n.22.473. primitive spindle **Title** The *primitive spindle* as a fundamental feature *in the embryology of plants*... Edinburgh (published by Robert Grant & Son,...) 1922. Oct. **Notes** *Publ*.: 1922, cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-36. *Copy*: L. − Reprinted and to be cited from Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 43(1)(1): 1-36. 1922. ##### n.22.474. present outlook on descent **Title** Remarks on the *present outlook on descent*... Edinburgh (published by Robert Grant & Son,...) 1924. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Pres. outlook descent*. **Notes** *Publ*.: 11 Feb 1924 (date on p. 7), cover-t.p., p. \[1\]-7. *Copy*: L. − Preprinted from Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh 44(1)(1): 1-7. 1923/1924. ##### n.22.475. Size and form in plants **Title** *Size and form in plants* with special reference to the primary conducting tracts... London (Macmillan and Co.,...) 1930. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Size form pl.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 1930 (preface Mai 1930), p. \[i\]-xiii, \[xiv\], \[1\]-232. *Copy*: U. *Facsimile reprint*: 1973, p. \[i\*-iv\*\], \[i\]-xiii, \[xiv\], 1-232. *Copy*: FAS(B). − Hafner Press (New York) and Collier Macmillan Publishers (London). − ISBN 02-841830-x. *Ref*.: Turrill, W.D., Kew Bull. 1930(10): 503-504 (rev.). - Cutler, D.F., Kew Bull. 31(4): 851. 1977 (rev. facsim. repr.). ##### n.22.476. Sixty years of botany in Britain **Title** *Sixty years of botany in Britain* (1875-1935) impressions of an eye-witness... London (Macmillan and Co.,...) 1938. Oct. **Abbreviated title**: *Sixty years Bot. Brit.* **Notes** *Publ*.: 1938 (p. vii, preface dated Jan 1938), p. \[i\], \[frontisp. J.H. Huxley\], \[iii\]-vii, \[ix, xi\], 1-112, \[113, adv.\]. *Copy*: U.